LECTURE

THE LIFE AND WORK OF ALFRED WEGENER 1880-1930

Dr Clare Dudman, freelance author, on 1st March 2004 (Summary)

In 1968 J. Tuzo Wilson declared that the recent revolution in geology should be called the Wegenerian revolution in honour of its chief proponent, Alfred Wegener. Yet Alfred Wegener remains little known today in spite of having a surprisingly full life of geographical and scientific discovery.

Alfred Wegener was born in 1880 in Berlin. He was the youngest of five children, two of whom died before adulthood. At eighteen he entered the Friedrichs-Wilhelms university in Berlin to study science graduating with highest honours with his dissertation on the Alfonsine tables. He then joined his older brother Kurt as an assistant at the Prussian Aeronautical Laboratory. The purpose of his work was to examine the nature of the atmosphere and this led to the brothers staying aloft for 52.5 hours in a hydrogen balloon which was a world record.

As a result Alfred was asked to go on a Danish expedition to Greenland as meteorologist in 1906. The expedition lasted two years and Wegener helped map the north-east coast, took the first colour photographs on an expedition and various innovative photographs of arctic mirages and ice. Significant was his expedition to Sabine island, an island off the coast of East Greenland where he measured the longitude and found that it appeared to be rather more west than it had been about 40 years previously.

On his return to Germany he became a private lecturer in Marburg on astronomy, meteorology and cosmic physics. In 1908 he gave a lecture at Hamburg and met his future wife Else Köppen in the audience. He then wrote 'The Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere' (published 1912) and in which he explained now accepted theory of rain-drop formation in temperate latitudes.

At Christmas 1910 he noticed that the coastlines of Africa and South America interlocked, an idea which he at first he dismissed, but a few months later was forced to reconsider when he came across a compendium of fossils which listed the similarity of fossils of the carboniferous in South Africa and Brazil. Rejecting the established theory of the time of land bridges Alfred realised that a far better explanation was that the continents had once been joined and then had drifted apart. He was immediately convinced he was correct and a few months later presented his ideas to the newly formed Frankfurt geological society. There was an immediate outcry, but by this time Wegener had already escaped to Greenland again.

In Wegener’s 1912-13 expedition to Greenland he became one of the first people to overwinter on the ice sheet and the first to cross it from east to west with ponies. After almost losing their lives several times they were rescued when almost starving to death.

He returned to marry Else in 1913 and then was almost immediately sent out to the trenches of the Great War. He was wounded twice, the last wound ensuring he was unfit for active service. He was also shell-shocked. He used his recuperation to revisit his idea of continental drift and wrote the first edition of 'The Origins of the Continents and Oceans.' The rest of the war he spent as an itinerant meteorologist also doing revolutionary work on meteorite impact craters on the earth and on the moon.

At the end of the war, in December 1918 he eventually obtained his first permanent academic post by replacing his father-in-law, Vladimir Köppen, as a professor of meteorology at Hamburg. During his time there he wrote two further editions of ' The Origins of the Continents and Ocean's incorporating new evidence, and also, with Köppen, wrote 'The Climates of the Geological Past' which showed how the map of the world looked in past geological ages. His books were translated and so his ideas came to the attention of a wider audience and caused more controversy and ridicule.

In 1924 the family (he now had three daughters) moved to Graz and he became professor of meteorology and geophysics. Since he had now accumulated more evidence he wrote the last edition of 'The Origins of the Continents and Oceans' and in 1926 his ideas were ridiculed at the New York meeting of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. After this, interest in the theory died down and his work was disregarded. Further meteorological work was followed by two expeditions to Greenland (a preliminary one in 1929 and the main one in 1930) to establish three scientific stations across the widest part of the ice sheet. The last expedition was beset by delays. At the end of September Wegener decided to lead a final sledge party to supply the central station. He arrived at the end of October in atrocious conditions. A couple of days later he set off back to the coast with an Inuit companion called Rasmus. It was the last time anyone ever saw them alive.

The following summer Wegener’s body was found sewn into his caribou sleeping bag by his Inuit companion and buried in the ice. It was supposed that he had died of heart failure. His Inuit companion was never found.

Following magnetic exploration of the oceanic floor Wegener’s idea was revived in the 1950s and 1960s. But instead of the continents behaving like icebergs pushing through a sea of sima, as Wegener had proposed, it was now suggested that the earths’ crust consists of a small number of plates which constantly move against each other. In this way Wegener’s theory of Continental Drift evolved into the theory of Plate Tectonics.

Clare Dudman

References

Dudman, C., 2003 'Wegener’s Jigsaw'. Hodder and Stoughton.

Marvin, U. B., 1973 'Continental Drift: The Evoution of a Concept'. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington.

Miller, R. 1983 'Continents in Collision'. Time-Life Books. Alexandria. Virginia

Oreskes, N., 1999 'The Rejection of Continental Drift: Theory and Method in American Earth Science'. Oxford University Press.

Reinke-Kunze, C. 1994 'Alfred Wegener'. Polarforscher und Entdecker der Kontinentaldrft. Birkhäuser Verlag.

Schwarzbach, M 1986. 'Alfred Wegener: The Father of Continental Drift'. Transl. Love, Carla. Madison Wisconsin: Science Tech. XX .

Wegener, A. 1911 'Thermodynamik der Atmosphäre' JA Barth Leipzig

Wegener, A 1966 'The Origins of Continents and Oceans'. Tranls. from the fourth edition. New York: Dover Publications.

Wegener, E. 1960 'Alfred Wegener'. Tagebuucher, Briefe, Erinnerungen etc. Wiesbaden.

Wegener, E. 1933 'Greenland Journey: The Story of Wegener’s German Expediton to Greenland in 1930-31'. Blackie

Wutzke, U. 1997 'Durch die Weisse Wüste'. Gotha Justus Perthes.